Carrying+out+the+Experiment


 * __Procedure:__**



1. Fill the calorimeter with 100cm³ of distilled water. 2. Measure 100cm³ of ethanol and pour it into the spirit burner. 3. Measure the mass of the ethanol. 4. Secure the calorimeter to the retort stand, with the spirit burner below, or according to the setup as shown above. Place the whole set-up in an enclosed area, or anywhere where the heat can be insulated. 5. Record the initial temperature of the water. 6. Light the ethanol on fire and start the stopwatch. 7. Stir the water with the thermometer. 8. Record the temperature of the water every minute. 9. Record the time taken for the water to start boiling. 10. Measure the mass of the ethanol. 11. Calculate the mass difference. 12. Repeat steps 1 to 9 for kerosene and paraffin oil. 13. Repeat steps 1 to 10 a few more times. 14. Calculate the amount of energy stored, using the formula:

//Energy (J) = Heat capacity of water x Mass of water (g) x Temperature change (°C)//

**__Results:__**

__Table of results:__

1st Run: /min ||= Kerosene ||= Ethanol ||= Paraffin Oil || including spirit burner/g ||=  ||= 249.2 ||= 288.5 ||= 279.3 || including spirit burner/g ||=  ||= 247.7 ||= 285.4 ||= 272.6 ||
 * =  ||= Time
 * = Volume of water used/cm³ ||=  ||= 100 ||= 100 ||= 100 ||
 * = Mass before burning,
 * = Mass after burning,
 * = Change in mass/g ||=  ||= 1.5 ||= 3.1 ||= 6.7 ||
 * = Temperature/°C ||= 0 ||= 30.0 ||= 30.0 ||= 30.0 ||
 * =  ||= 1 ||= 47.0 ||= 45.0 ||= 43.0 ||
 * =  ||= 2 ||= 53.0 ||= 67.0 ||= 51.0 ||
 * =  ||= 3 ||= 58.0 ||= 70.0 ||= 58.0 ||
 * =  ||= 4 ||= 65.0 ||= 81.0 ||= 63.0 ||
 * =  ||= 5 ||= 75.0 ||= 95.0 ||= 72.0 ||
 * =  ||= 6 ||= 82.0 ||= - ||= 76.0 ||
 * =  ||= 7 ||= 89.0 ||= - ||= 83.0 ||
 * =  ||= 8 ||= 95.0 ||= - ||= 87.0 ||
 * =  ||= 9 ||= 99.0 ||= - ||= 92.0 ||
 * =  ||= 10 ||= - ||= - ||= 95.0 ||
 * =  ||= 11 ||= - ||= - ||= 98.0 ||
 * =  ||= 12 ||= - ||= - ||= 100.0 ||
 * = Temperature change/°C ||=  ||= 70.0 ||= 70.0 ||= 70.0 ||
 * = Time which water boils/min ||=  ||= 9.05 ||= 5.30 ||= 12.00 ||
 * = Energy used/ J/s ||=  ||= 54.1 ||= 92.5 ||= 40.8 ||
 * = Energy contained/ J/g ||=  ||= 19600.0 ||= 9438.9 ||= 4388.1 ||

2nd Run: /min ||= Kerosene ||= Ethanol ||= Paraffin Oil || including spirit burner/g ||=  ||= 251.7 ||= 279.3 ||= 289.7 || including spirit burner/g ||=  ||= 249.5 ||= 273.7 ||= 284.3 ||
 * =  ||= Time
 * = Volume of water used/cm³ ||=  ||= 100 ||= 100 ||= 100 ||
 * = Mass before burning,
 * = Mass after burning,
 * = Change in mass/g ||=  ||= 2.2 ||= 5.6 ||= 5.4 ||
 * = Temperature/°C ||= 0 ||= 30.0 ||= 30.0 ||= 30.0 ||
 * =  ||= 1 ||= 40.0 ||= 44.0 ||= 40.0 ||
 * =  ||= 2 ||= 47.0 ||= 59.5 ||= 47.0 ||
 * =  ||= 3 ||= 53.0 ||= 72.0 ||= 55.0 ||
 * =  ||= 4 ||= 58.0 ||= 85.0 ||= 62.5 ||
 * =  ||= 5 ||= 63.0 ||= 97.0 ||= 70.0 ||
 * =  ||= 6 ||= 68.0 ||= - ||= 77.5 ||
 * =  ||= 7 ||= 73.0 ||= - ||= 85.0 ||
 * =  ||= 8 ||= 79.0 ||= - ||= 91.0 ||
 * =  ||= 9 ||= 84.0 ||= - ||= 97.0 ||
 * =  ||= 10 ||= 90.0 ||= - ||= - ||
 * =  ||= 11 ||= 94.0 ||= - ||= - ||
 * =  ||= 12 ||= - ||= - ||= - ||
 * = Temperature change/°C ||=  ||= 70.0 ||= 70.0 ||= 70.0 ||
 * = Time which water boils/min ||=  ||= 12.56 ||= 5.14 ||= 10.41 ||
 * = Energy used/ J/s ||=  ||= 39.0 ||= 95.3 ||= 47.1 ||
 * = Energy contained/ J/g ||=  ||= 13363.6 ||= 5250.0 ||= 5444.4 ||

Average: Oil ||= Ethanol ||
 * = ||= Kerosene ||= Paraffin
 * = Average Change in Mass/g ||= 1.85 ||= 4.35 ||= 6.05 ||
 * Average Temperature Change/°C || 70.0 || 70.0 || 70.0 ||
 * Average Time Taken/min || 11.00 || 5.22 || 11.20 ||
 * Average Energy Contained/J/g || 16481.8 || 7344.5 || 4916.3 ||
 * Average Energy Used/J/s || 46.6 || 93.9 || 44.0 ||

**__Observations:__**

Kerosene: burns to form soot Paraffin oil: burns to form soot, burns up the wick of the spirit burner very quickly. Ethanol: burns cleanly

**__Conclusion:__**

From the experiment, a conclusion that ethanol is, like as we hypothesized, more efficient than kerosene or paraffin oil. However, kerosene contains a greater amount of energy, at 19600.0J/g, as compared to ethanol and paraffin oil. This may be due to the formation of soot when burning kerosene and paraffin. Soot, is formed by __incomplete__ combustion, thus, not all of the energy stored in the fuel is given off. Unlike kerosene, ethanol burns cleanly, all the energy inside the fuel is given off into the water.

**__Possible Sources of Error:__**

Heat is lost to the environment. As the flame is left naked, heat is lost to the surrounding air. Heat is also conducted away by the copper calorimeter.